يوجد في المملكة المتحدة ، هناك انكلترا ، وبعد ذلك هناك لندن. . وتتعلق ثلاثة ، ولكن بالمعنى الدقيق للكلمة ، لندن ويبدو أن العالم بغض النظر عن بقية بريطانيا ، وساروا على نفسها ، إيقاع فريدة.
كل شيء في لندن ، حيث تصادف وجديدة ومختلفة. على مر التاريخ ، وشعبها ، والموضات والاتجاهات والحياة في الشارع دائما عن جوهر الحياة في المدينة. مثل نيويورك ولندن هي المدينة التي لا تنام. الملايين من السياح الى لندن كل عام ، وكثير منهم بالفعل نصف في حب المدينة. رأيتهم في مترو انفاق لندن (الأنبوب) ، على طابقين وحافلات وسيارات الاجرة بالدخول. الجديد في منطقة المرور في وسط لندن ، حيث وسائل النقل الخاصة أساسا محظورة ، ما يجعل المشاهد أكثر من لندن للملاحة من أي وقت مضى. ومن الممكن أيضا ، وطيب للغاية ، على السير عبر المدينة سيرا على الأقدام ، أو تأجير الدراجات على طول الحاجز فيكتوريا على نهر التيمز.
أول مدينة لندن
لندن اليوم ما كان صغيرا ، لا يستهان بها ودعا الى تسوية Plowida ، وهو الاسم الذي يعني "تسوية على النهر على نطاق واسع". غزاها الرومان في المنطقة في القرن الحادي وأسسوا مدينة محصنة Londinium حوالي 47 م. الروماني في مدينة لندن تغطي مساحة ما يقرب من 1 km2. الرومان ببناء جسر فوق نهر التيمز ، واستخدمت البنوك باعتبارها ميناء الشحن والمعادن والمنتجات الزراعية. Londinium نما بسرعة كبيرة في النصف الثاني من القرن ، عندما أصبح المركز التجاري الروماني مقاطعة بريطانيا العليا.
الأنجلوسكسوني المدينة
314 في لندن وأصبح يرى الأسقف بأمر من الامبراطور قسطنطين. وبحلول ذلك الوقت ، كانت الامبراطورية الرومانية المتنامية ضعيفا. دون رعاية الإمبراطورية ، استقر في لندن لفترة طويلة من الانخفاض. وبحلول الوقت الذي غادر روما رسميا من بريطانيا في مستعمرة 410 ، كانت المدينة من سكانها أساسا. بعد 150 سنة بالقرب من الهجر ، والبريطانية السكسونيون وصل للاستفادة من لندن استراتيجيا موقع متميز على نهر التيمز. لم يكن هناك تسوية دائمة ، ولكن حتى 604 ، وحتى في حال لم يكن لإعادة بناء داخل أطلال المدينة القديمة المحصنة ، ولكن إلى حد ما في الغرب. المدينة الجديدة ، عين Lundenvic ( "ميناء لندن") ، وأعلنت عاصمة مملكة إسكس. مركز تكمن الى الشرق من ساحة الطرف الاغر الحالية المكان.
نورمان الغزو
وقد هزم Normans البريطانية السكسونيون في معركة هاستينغز في 1066. بعد دخول لندن ، ويليام الفاتح قد توج نفسه ملكا على بريطانيا في كنيسة وستمنستر ، والذي كان قد انتهى لتوه من العام السابق. All British monarchs ever since that time have been crowned there. In order to discourage any remaining Anglo-Saxon warriors from revolting, William had three fortresses built. Of the three - Baynard’s Castle, Monfichet’s Castle and the Tower of London — only the last survives today. In the interest of gaining popularity and ensuring domestic peace, William openly adopted the same rights, privileges and laws that had governed London during the Anglo-Saxon period.
A city in its prime
The sixteenth century was probably London’s golden age. After the city of London annexed Westminster around 1600, it quickly became the centre of the British Empire. London was one of the most important European commercial cities on the North Sea, despite the fact that the city was located some 30 km away from the sea on the banks of the Thames estuary. During the late sixteenth century, London’s cultural renaissance was in full swing. A great many theatres were built along the south bank of the Thames, the most famous of which was the Globe, where many of William Shakespeare’s plays were first performed. The New London.
The Great Plague and Fire of 1665 and 1666 left London shaken to its very foundations. Over 70,000 people died of plague and nearly two-thirds of the city was consumed by flames. Architect Sir Christopher Wren was responsible for rebuilding London’s many destroyed churches, including St. Paul’s Cathedral. The destruction of residential buildings in the city led many residents to settle outside the city walls in new districts that became London’s first suburbs.
Most aristocrats never returned to their city mansions, preferring to build townhouses in the now prestigious West End. Dickens’ London. The nineteenth century saw the construction of many important buildings and squares, including Trafalgar Square, Westminster Palace and Big Ben, the Royal Albert Hall, the Victoria and Albert Museum, Tower Bridge and the University of London. Prosperous times, however, are often accompanied by a dark shadow. Millions of the less fortunate were forced to live in overpopulated, filthy slums and suburbs. This was the London immortalized by Charles Dickens in novels like Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. By the turn of the twentieth century, London was far and away the biggest city on Earth: a whopping 6.6 million people lived there in 1901. At the time, London was undoubtedly the most powerful city in the world.
The ravages of war
London was badly damaged during World War II. The German Luftwaffe thoroughly destroyed its once uniform cityscape of Georgian and Victorian buildings, leaving large parts of the city centre and most of the East End completely levelled. After the war, housing complexes were built cheaply and rapidly. London’s docklands never recovered economically from the effects of World War II. Ship traffic was rerouted and the old piers and warehouses fell further into ruin, until city planners rediscovered the district in the 1980s.
Redevelopment has made Docklands one of London’s hottest commercial and residential locations. A wonderland of things to see. There is a greater concentration of important sights and tourist attractions in London than anywhere else in Britain. Greenwich Park, Westminster Palace and Abbey, the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Tower of London are all on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Many of London’s most popular museums offer free admission. Recent additions include British Airway’s gigantic big wheel. Known as the London Eye, it is actually a slowly rotating observation platform from which most of the city can be seen. Madame Tussaud’s Wax Museum, the changing of the guard at Buckinham Palace, a tour of the Tower of London, the Flower Market on Sundays, the bustle of Piccadilly Circus and Trafalgar Square … the list is endless.
The finest entertainment
Those eager for culture will find that the British capital is full of variety. While the mostly modern cultural facilities may look like nondescript concrete blocks from the outside, world-class performances are underway within. The Barbican Arts Centre is a case in point. Opinions about the exterior are divided; although it has its fans, it has also been described as an architect’s nightmare. Still, there is no disagreement on the excellence of its presentations, which include performances by the Royal Shakespeare Company, the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Classical Orchestra. Visitors should not miss an opportunity to attend a performance here. Breath of fresh air in the city. London does have a number of tranquil oases amidst the hectic activity of the city. London’s numerous parks are popular destinations for those who like to stroll out in the open air. Hyde Park is located in west-central London. This spacious park was once a royal hunting ground, the scene of bloody duels and executions, as well as a venue for exciting horse races. During World War II, it was transformed into a gigantic potato field. Today it is a fresh-air getaway for sun worshippers, or for those who want to take a boat ride on the Serpentine, its sinuous lake.
One corner of the park, near Marble Arch, is known as Speaker’s Corner, where anyone can stand up and express his or her opinion before a more-or-less interested audience. In Regents Park, near London Zoo, the lovely Queen Mary Rose Gardens are a wonderful place to pause and reflect after a busy day of seeing the very many wonderful sights of London. Finally, the ambitious tourist may want to take a double-decker bus or taxi north to Hampstead Heath, another vantage point that offers a magnificent view of the entire city.
For great deals on flights to London , visit http://www.studentflights.com.au/london . Student Flights have a range of cheap holidays in London and Europe. STSF260209-3
المجال : ذات محتوى 
إدارة الوقت هو مجال إدارة الأعمال وكثيرا ما يغفل أو تجاهله. نعلم جميعا ما في الأعمال التجارية الصغيرة الذين سباقات حول مثل مجنون كل يوم ، لا يكفي وساعة في يوم واحد ، كل ما يفعلونه هو الذروة ، وحتى الحصول على عمل -- قد يكون هذا الشخص هو أنت! 
The fascination generated by New York city is hard to put into words. The sheer number of attractions within the largest city in the USA is simply overwhelming. As millions of visitors agree, New York city has it all. 
التعليقات الأخيرة